Foreign Literature

       This chapter places the current study into the context of previous, related research. Articles that have information about the UAV and aerial reconnaissance robot or drone, information that are useful to the proponent in their study. This fact can give reasons and objectives to the proponents to design, build and be operational for a good cause.

Foreign Literature

       In the article of McCutcheon (2013) entitled “Drones in America: Startup Builds Tiny Surveillance Robots That Fit Through a Window” it stated that the militarized drones flying over the Middle East and South Asia give way to models that are more commercial, sometimes one can get the feeling that a drone is what kids will be asking for next Christmas. A military-grade startup, CyPhy Works, recently unveiled prototypes of two small surveillance drones that could fly through an open window or hover 1,000 feet in the air. They may not be under the Christmas tree in 2013, but with the FAA reviewing permits for domestic drone use and One of CyPhy Works' robots, the EASE (Extreme Access System for Entry), could enter through a window. It is one foot across and 16 inches high, basically two shoeboxes stacked on top of each other. It is connected to a controller by a thin copper cord and the power resides in the base station. By swapping out batteries, the drone could stay in the air indefinitely. The other robot, PARC (Persistent Aerial Reconnaissance and Communications), is designed for aerial use. It is also connected to a base station through a copper cord and can hover 1,000 feet in the air while staring at an area for up to 12 hours on one battery, which can again be swapped out.Times in which robots like these are being used to scout a suspect’s home or to maintain an eye on a large crowd at a concert or demonstration are completely reasonable.

        According to Estes (2013) in his article entitled “Commercial Drones Are Now Approved for Aerial Surveillance”, the Federal Aviation Administration recently cleared two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for commercial use surveilling the Alaskan coast, marking a sharp turn for the future of domestic drone use.

       One of the drones, an Insitu Scan Eagle 200, will be used by a major energy company for monitoring migrating whales and icebergs off the Alaskan coast, while the other one, an AeroVironment PUMA, will monitor oil spills up in the Beaufort Sea. These are the first of what will surely be a significant number of commercial drones use for aerial surveillance around the country. Until now, drones could only fly with an experimental airworthiness and not for commercial purposes. Although, that did not stop photographers or journalists from using the machines for specialized purposes. It did kick start entire industry of commercial drone manufacturing to make sure there are UAVs ready for purchase when the FAA gives the go ahead. In this article the two UAV have been certified to be used in different situation, the Insitu Scan Eagle 200 will be used to monitor migrating whales and icebergs of the Alaskan coast while the other one, an AeroVironment PUMA, will monitor oil spills up in the BeauportSea. These are the two first UAVs that had been license to be operational. Until now drone can only fly with an experimental airworthiness and not for commercial purposes. Although that did not stop photographers or journalists from using the machines for specialized purposes, it did kick start an entire industry of commercial drone manufacturing to make sure there are UAVs ready for purchase when the FAA gives the go ahead.

       Kopstein (2013) on his article entitled “Texas Drone Bill Clears Cops for Aerial Surveillance, but not Citizens”, cited that various US states wrestle with the implications of ubiquitous unmanned aerial vehicles. Texas legislators have passed a bill banning drones for many private citizens while granting exceptions for law enforcement, utilities, and even real estate companies. The Texas Privacy Act makes it a misdemeanor to use aerial drones to film any person or private property with the intent to conduct surveillance, but it also carves out a whopping 40 exemptions. According to the bill's text, law enforcement officers will have wide authority to use surveillance drones both with and without a warrant, in order to investigate crime scenes or pursue individuals when police have reasonable suspicion that they have committed a crime — among a host of other circumstances. The bill also has exemptions for oil and electrical companies, real estate agents using drones for marketing purposes, educational institutions, and areas within 25 miles of the Mexican border.

       Furthermore, Petersen (2012) enlightened people about the brief historical perspective on the evolution of surveillance technologies, then charts the development of modern-day devices from the invention of radar to the dawn of the Internet. Next, it describes emerging technologies—including GIS, GPS devices, Google Maps, biometric technology, surveillance cameras, global satellites, miniaturization of devices, and social media—that are challenging notions of privacy and the right of access to information. While focusing on the technology. He also discussed surveillance as a phenomenon and what these technologies mean to the understanding of freedom, privacy, and the impact of technology on communications and the structure of society. Enhanced with numerous photos, the book presents the pros and cons—and some of the controversy—of these increasingly sophisticated technologies, their collective impact, and what the future may hold. It is ideal for those new to surveillance; security, military, and law enforcement professionals who utilize surveillance technologies; and students of privacy, constitutional freedom, journalism, and sociology.

       LorakpenIshu (2013) in his article entitled “Nigeria: NAF Invents Bomb Defusing Robot, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle”, mentioned that Nigeria Air Force Institute of Technology has invented a high caliber bomb defusing robot that could handle bomb cases, just as the Research and Development (R and D) unit of the institute has produced an improved version of its Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), capable of being used in surveillance of the nation's pipelines and other vital installations.

       Commandant of AFIT, Air vice Marshal, John O. Oshoniyi disclosed this at a press conference to kick start the 42nd graduation week of the institute. He said that the invention became necessary in view of last year's incidents where a police anti bomb expert was killed as well as bomb explosions in parts of the country.

       The Commandant also disclosed that given the required political will, the institute would further develop improved devices that could enhance internal security. In this article the author had shown that wide variety of robot had been made for a certain mission or objectives. Using it for military and surveillance of the nation’s pipelines and other vital installations.